地下开采对地表的破坏与防治

介绍了由于地下开采而引起的沉陷对环境的破坏，包括连续下沉的移动盆地、非连续下沉的塌陷坑等。同时还介绍了对留设保护矿柱、充填采空区等预防措施。对塌陷区和裂缝的治理、复地造田等方法进行了探讨。     

安全评价方法在危险废物处置环境风险评价中的应用探讨

对安全评价方法在危险废物处置建设项目环境风险评价中的运用进行初步探索。主要用"工艺过程风险因素分析表"对工艺过程潜在风险性识别;用蒙德法进行源项分析;用池火灾模型、蒸气云爆炸伤害模型对易燃、易爆物质的火灾、爆炸等重大事故后果进行计算,得出人员的伤亡半径和财产损失半径等参数,以便于判断风险的可接受水平。分析结果表明:采用安全评价方法对危险废物处置建设项目进行环境风险评价是适用的、可行的。     

Transaction costs and community-based natural resource management in Nepal

Transaction costs in community-based resource management are incurred by households attempting to enforce property right rules over common resources similar to those inherent in private property rights. Despite their importance, transaction costs of community-based management of common pool resources (CPRs) are often not incorporated into the economic analysis of participatory resource management. This paper examines the transaction costs incurred by forest users in community forestry (CF) based on a survey of 309 households belonging to eight different forest user groups (FUGs) in the mid hills of Nepal. The analysis reveals that the average 'poor' household incurred Nepalese rupees (NRS) 1265 in transaction costs annually, while wealthier 'rich' households incurred an average of NRS 2312 per year. Although richer households bear higher proportions of such costs, transaction costs for CF management as a percentage of resource appropriation costs are higher for poorer households (26%) than those of middle-wealth (24%) or rich households (14%). There are also village differences in the level of transaction costs. The results show that transaction costs are a major component of resource management costs and vary according to socio-economic status of resource users and characteristics of the community.     

Mechanics Principle and Engineering Application of Split Layer and Bed Separation of Mining Overburden

<正>To control land surface subsidence caused the underground mineral exploitation and the catastrophic phenomena such as serious damage of buildings, waterbodies, cultivated lands, railways, bridges caused by land subsidence, bed separation grouting technology of overburden is put forward. To provide theoretical support for the technology, the characteristics and the mechanics mechanism of mining overburden from layer-split to formation of bed separation are studied. On the basis of elastic sheet board theory, calculation formula of rock sheet deflection is presented, and the mechanics criteria of the separation formation and the calculation formula of bed separation volume are set up. Finally, the applications and technics of bed separation grout technology of mining overburden to control land subsidence in china are introduced.     

东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源的合理利用

根据2002-2003年东海区带鱼年龄鉴定资料,并引用以往的带鱼渔业生物学研究结果,作为估算带鱼死亡系数和建立动态综合模型所需的有关参数值估算的依据,从而运用Ricker动态综合模型分析了在现行渔业条件下东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果和带鱼资源利用状况以及变更渔业利用情况对带鱼渔业所产生的影响。结果表明:在现行渔业下(tc=0.5a,F=2.61/a),东海区实施3个月的伏季休渔制度能使年平均资源量增加87%,年产量增加29%,渔获平均体重增加42%;带鱼资源的利用虽处于捕捞过度状态之中,但尚能承受较大的捕捞压力,资源结构利用不合理之处是捕捞大量的幼鱼群体,渔获个体依然过小,渔获平均体重仅为75g/ind.;单位补充量渔获量(Y/R)随tc变化的影响大于随F的变化,建议在维持现有伏季休渔制度下,应逐渐降低捕捞强度,并以提高起捕规格放大网目尺寸作为今后一个时期首选的渔业管理目标,应是较为现实的资源合理利用措施。     

上海市污水回用用于防治地面沉降

以上海市为例,介绍了地面沉降的危害以及现有的防治对策,同时提出了污水经处理后回用于防治地面沉降的新思想,主要包括两种方法:①将处理后的污水回灌地下补给地下水;②用处理后的污水回用代替部分自来水,减少地下水的开采量,以控制地面沉降。     

填埋处理场易发的各种环境问题及其对策

固体废弃物的填埋处理法在处理量和处理成本等方面比起其他方法有很强的优势，然而填埋处理场如果得不到正确的运转和管理，将成为新的污染源，易引发地表水和地面水污染、大气污染以及甲烷气体爆炸等环境问题。鉴于上述问题，文中针对上述事例介绍了排气设备、诱引气床等物理和化学方面的防止对策。     

铁法煤田地面沉降状况及治理对策

煤的开采，地论是露天采还是地下采都必然给环境带来一定的破坏，尤其是采空区的地面沉陷给当地的地形地貌环境造成了长久甚至是永久性的破坏，给人们的生产和生活带来一定的影响，在对矿井开采区进行地面沉降的基础上，提出了几方面的治理对策。     

熔池高度对双辊薄带凝固组织影响的模拟预测

在已建立的理论数学模型的基础上,以1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢为研究对象,模拟预测了薄带厚度保持不变条件下熔池高度对薄带凝固组织的影响。研究结果表明:随着熔池高度增加,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织中柱状晶区比例首先增大,然后又逐渐减小。而柱状枝晶取向度和枝晶间距则随着熔池高度的增加而增大,但在较低的熔池高度条件下,柱状枝晶间距在凝固结束时有突然增大的趋势。     

上海市中春路建设用地地质灾害危险性评估及防治对策

为减少公路工程建设项目和地质灾害之间相互影响．工程建设之前必须对工程建设用地存在的地质灾害进行评估。结合上海市环境地质特征及中春路道路工程的特点。对工程遭受地面沉降等地质灾害、工程建设诱发加剧地质灾害的可能性作了分析。并提出相应的防治对策。